Supernovae that are strongly gravitationally lensed ( gLSNe ) by galaxies are powerful probes of astrophysics and cosmology that will be discovered systematically by wide-field , high-cadence imaging surveys such as the Zwicky Transient Facility ( ZTF ) and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope ( LSST ) .
Here we use pixel-level simulations that include observing strategy , target selection , supernova properties , and dust to forecast the rates and properties of gLSNe that ZTF and LSST will find .
Applying the resolution-insensitive discovery strategy of ( ) , we forecast that ZTF ( LSST ) can discover 0.02 ( 0.79 ) 91bg-like , 0.17 ( 5.92 ) 91T-like , 1.22 ( 47.84 ) Type Ia , 2.76 ( 88.51 ) Type IIP , 0.31 ( 12.78 ) Type IIL , and 0.36 ( 15.43 ) Type Ib/c gLSNe per year .
We also forecast that the surveys can discover at least 3.75 ( 209.32 ) Type IIn gLSNe per year , for a total of at least 8.60 ( 380.60 ) gLSNe per year under fiducial observing strategies .
ZTF gLSNe have a median z _ { s } = 0.9 , z _ { l } = 0.35 , \mu _ { \mathrm { tot } } = 30 , \Delta t _ { \mathrm { max } } = 10 days , \min ( \theta ) = 0.25 ^ { \prime \prime } , and N _ { \mathrm { img } } = 4 .
LSST gLSNe are less compact and less magnified , with a median z _ { s } = 1.0 , z _ { l } = 0.4 , \mu _ { \mathrm { tot } } \approx 6 , \Delta t _ { \mathrm { max } } = 25 days , \min ( \theta ) = 0.6 ^ { \prime \prime } , and N _ { \mathrm { img } } = 2 .
We develop a model of the supernova–host galaxy connection and find that the vast majority of gLSN host galaxies will be multiply imaged , enabling detailed constraints on lens models with sufficiently deep high-resolution imaging taken after the supernova has faded .
We release the results of our simulations as catalogs at http : //portal.nersc.gov/project/astro250/glsne/ .