The SpHere INfrared Exoplanet ( SHINE ) project is a 500-star survey performed with SPHERE on the Very Large Telescope for the purpose of directly detecting new substellar companions and understanding their formation and early evolution .
Here we present an initial statistical analysis for a subsample of 150 stars spanning spectral types from B to M that are representative of the full SHINE sample .
Our goal is to constrain the frequency of substellar companions with masses between 1 and 75 M _ { \mathrm { Jup } } and semimajor axes between 5 and 300 au .
For this purpose , we adopt detection limits as a function of angular separation from the survey data for all stars converted into mass and projected orbital separation using the BEX-COND-hot evolutionary tracks and known distance to each system .
Based on the results obtained for each star and on the 13 detections in the sample , we use a Markov chain Monte Carlo tool to compare our observations to two different types of models .
The first is a parametric model based on observational constraints , and the second type are numerical models that combine advanced core accretion and gravitational instability planet population synthesis .
Using the parametric model , we show that the frequencies of systems with at least one substellar companion are 23.0 _ { -9.7 } ^ { +13.5 } \% , 5.8 _ { -2.8 } ^ { +4.7 } \% , and 12.6 _ { -7.1 } ^ { +12.9 } \% for BA , FGK , and M stars , respectively .
We also demonstrate that a planet-like formation pathway probably dominates the mass range from 1–75 M _ { \mathrm { Jup } } for companions around BA stars , while for M dwarfs , brown dwarf binaries dominate detections .
In contrast , a combination of binary star-like and planet-like formation is required to best fit the observations for FGK stars .
Using our population model and restricting our sample to FGK stars , we derive a frequency of 5.7 _ { -2.8 } ^ { +3.8 } \% , consistent with predictions from the parametric model .
More generally , the frequency values that we derive are in excellent agreement with values obtained in previous studies .